Working with 3rd Party Software
The simplest metadata viewer/explorer is likely ExifTool together with ExifToolGUI and can be found here: https://exiftool.org/gui/ The ExifTool.exe needs to be present in the same folder. There is no Windows installation. ExifTool is a good option for viewing Exif data, but it does not support extended keywords, such as annotating with individuals/face recognition, which Lightroom often creates.
XnView MP offers a more complete solution with better output. It can handle multiple keyword and face tags in the XMP structure which ExifTool cannot.
(Open Source PhotoEditing SW) plus Face Recognition Addon. You will need the Face Recognition Add-on. Once unzipped it needs to have the FaceTag folder placed in C:\Program Files\XnViewMP\AddOn, then under Tools / Settings / Metadata / enable Import XMP Face tag. To view Face tag data, with the Browser Tab in focus, select an image, then from the top Menu, Tools / Face tag… The image will appear in a new window with Face tags and names shown.
Another free "open source" photo management program is Digikam, which can be found here: https://docs.digikam.org/en/index.html
What is Exposed in Windows and MacOS
Windows and Apple software provide limited direct access to metadata in Windows via a right-mouse click and selecting Properties, then the Details tab. You will notice that some field names have been substituted. These two article give additional information.
https://www.howtogeek.com/289712/how-to-see-an-images-exif-data-in-windows-and-macos/
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/all/viewing-metadata-using-file-explorer/b4bb3d3d-a782-4191-9f42-d64cd8f0b352
You can also search for for images based on their metadata in Windows. See these two articals for more information.
https://www.itechtics.com/windows-explorer-advanced-search/
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/lwef/-search-2x-wds-aqsreference
What is Exposed in Google Drive
The original metadata is preserved when uploaded to Google Drive but there is essentially no valuable date in View Details. The Modified (date) appears to be the data the jpg was created.
Exif Meta Viewer
Using Exif Meta Viewer at https://exifviewer.herokuapp.com/ can select an image from Google Drive but virtually no information is provided.
Installing the Exif Meta Viewer Extension into Chrome from https://workspace.google.com/marketplace/app/exif_meta_viewer_for_drive/111863700124 brings up a new webpage with a fairly extensive view of the image metadata.
Metadata enable programs for Google Drive are developed to extract text from files and with OCR from images. As of 2/2023 I have not been able to find any which support metadata extraction and searching for the image data metadata discussed here. With the development of Google's Document AI Warehouse this will hopefully open up new solutions.
What is Metadata is Preserved in Google Drive and Google Photos?
The original metadata is preserved when uploaded to Google Drive or Google Photos, and because it is Photo oriented, at least the date taken and basic camera information and exposure is provided when the info icon is clicked.